Nanocomposites and Nanomaterials

Quantum uccumulation of electric energy in inorganic/organic clathrates
Ivashchyshyn F.1,2, Pidluzhna A.1, Calus D.2, Shvets R.1, Chabecki P.2
1 Department of Applied Physics and Nanomaterials Science, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Bandery str, 12, Lviv-79013, Ukraine
e-mail: roman.y.shvets@lpnu.ua

2 Politechnika Częstochowska, Al. Armii Krajowej 17, Czestochowa, 42-200, Poland

The device fabrication technology for generating and accumulating the electric energy is based on the idea of application of materials with developed internal surface and distinctly anisotropic nature of chemical bond. Such substances are required to possess large values of permittivity (over 105) and loss tangent less than 1, especially for frequencies under 10-2 Hz. The possibility for injection of electrons into nanoheterophases`s interface was anticipated theoretically [1, 2] under listed above/mentioned conditions [1, 2] and such structures represent quantum accumulators.  
The fourfold expanded GaSe was intercalated with thiourea SC(NH2)2 and with SC(NH2)2<SmCl3> structure and were used as work electrodes. The three different levels of architecture were formed for investigation: GaSe, GaSe<SC(NH2)2> and GaSe<SC(NH2)2<SmCl3>> in this way. The mixture of γ- Butyrolactone γ-BL and N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone N-MP in 70%:30% (weight) ratio respectively were used for electrolyte preparation in combination with Maleic acid MA and Trimethylamine TMA of final ration γ-BL+N-MP:MA:TMA=80%:10%:10% (weight). Aluminium plate was used as counter electrode. The choice of electrolyte and counter electrode was determined by the technology of Al capacitors where bridging of capacitance of electroliteǀAl interface is provided.
As results of performed experiments show the application of complex hierarchical structures leads to considerable increase in capacity of quantum accumulators. Impedance spectra denote the pseudocapacitive mechanism of energy accumulation.

1.	US Patent No 6,570,224 B1, EA patent N 003164, Korea Patent N 10-0646267, CN 1338120В, EA Patent 003852, US Patent 7193261, DE60231879D1, EP1414078A1, EP1414078A4, EP1414078B1
2.	Krohns S. Colossal dielectric constant up to gigahertz at room temperature / S. Krohns, P. Lunkenheimer, Ch. Kant, A. V. Pronin, H. B. Brom, A. A. Nugroho, M. Diantoro, and A. Loidl // Appl. Phys. Lett. - 2009. – Vol. 94. - Р. 122903-1 - 122903-3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3105993