International Brokerage Technology Meeting "Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials"
28 November 2014

"Introductory speech"

"Introductory speech"

"Introductory speech"

"Technology of manufacturing of nanostructured multilayer ceramic capacitors of new generation"

Field of application: passive electronic components, lowvoltage devices such as mobile phones, computers, flash memory, electronic gadgets.

"Phosphor white light from carbonized nanocomposites"

Description: white phosphor free of heavy metal activators with excellent spectral properties that can be tuned almost ideally to natural day light. Material is synthesized by chemical treatment of fumed silica (aerosil, A300) followed by thermal treatment in inert atmosphere. Light emitting centers are carbon nanoclusters.

Advantages:

• light emission in full visible spectral range;
• tenability of the spectral properties;
• lack of heavy metal activators.

Field of application: white light sources including artificial lighting devices (compact luminescent lamps and white light emitting diodes).

"Methods for integrated characterization of liquid-crystal nanocomposites"

Description: a set of complementary experimental techniques is developed for characterization of the novel liquid crystal nanocomposites, including mixtures of nematic and cholesteric liquid crystal hosts with single walled or multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a dopant, which may contain also other types of nano and micro particles. The set of techniques comprises spectrophotometry (in particular, measurements of the thermal dependencies of optical activity), differential scanning calorimetry, electrophysical methods (dielectric spectroscopy, conductometry), optical microscopy, selective reflection spectroscopy, other instrumental methods of physicochemical analysis, and a number of singular optics techniques. It allows to estimate for each liquid crystal nanocomposite concerned parameters of its phase transitions, homogeneity and heterostructuring of the phase states it can create, its optical transparency, electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity dependencies versus applied electrical field (in electrooptical cells, controlled capacitors and other microelectronic and optoelectronic devices), and also time stability of these characteristics. The latter is especially important, as far as the tendency of nanotubes to aggregation is the major problem in development of such nanomaterials: the optimum composition of a liquid crystal material should provide combination of inconsistent parameters (transparency, electric field sensitivity, etc., simultaneously with their high time stability).

Advantages: the techniques proposed for characterization of the liquid crystal nanocomposites are relatively simple and do not require any special sophisticated equipment. The measurements can be performed using standard equipment, and novelty of proposal lies in original methods developed for preparation of material samples and original measurement procedures, which provide high reliability of the measurement results.

Field of application: novel purposeful materials, based on soft anisotropic hosts filled with anisotropic nanoparticles, designated for information recording, processing and displaying systems and for microelectronics and optoelectronics devices.

"Nanostructured instrumental ceramics which based on cubic boron nitride"

Description: tool material on the base of wurtzite modification of boron nitride is characterized by ultrafine grain structure with high homogeneity and distribution of phases to ensure high values of fracture toughness and strength.

Advantages: nanocrystal structure of materials allows to produce the elements of cutting tool w ith cutting end of necessary purity and sharpening angle to ensure minimum chip cutting during precision processing of metal surfaces and also resistance to shock loads during processing of discrete hardened surfaces and as a result of it there is a possibility of radical changes in technology chain of production of many products for various applications.

Field of application: cutting tools containing nanostructure tool ceramics on the base of dense modifications of boron nitride can be effectively used at machine building plants and mining and metallurgical enterprises for processing of hardened constructional steels, cast irons and steels with high content of manganese and chromium.

"Volumetric nanocrystalline titanium"

Description: the technology describes for cryomehanical fragmentation of grain structure to obtain bulk titanium with nanometer grain size. The fundamental feature of technology: activation of the mechanical twinning at the low temperatures in such metals as titanium, zirconium and others.

Advantages: the most significant changes in properties are observed at decreasing of grain size below 100 nm. At the same time, the existing method for producing nanostructured metals with using of equalchannel angular pressing have in this respect a number of significant limitations.
The advantages of the proposed method of cryomehanical fragmentation of grain structure:

• possibility of obtaining bulk nanocrystalline titanium with an average grain size of 30 nm and a more stable structural state of the different purity of the metal, reducing restrictions on the size of semifinished product and an increase in product mix;
• relatively small values imposed cryodeformation using standard equipment for plastic metal working and the consequent development of industrial production of bulk nanocrystalline titanium and zirconium;
• less energy.

Field of application: aerospace industry, defense industry, engineering, biomedical devices.

"Nonporous 3D silicon for anodes of lithium-ion batteries"

Description: created nonporous structureordered nanosilicon materials with such internal structure, which give possibility to control the mechanical properties and stressstrain state of active particles and also promotes the direct transportation of electrons and lithium ions to the active phase of silicon. High density gives possibility to obtain capacity loading in several times higher than such which are use today in industry. Production technology of nonporous nanostructured 3Dsilicon differs by its simplicity, low cost and easily scalable for industrial. Using of new nanosilicon materials and fluoroethylene carbonatebased electrolyte allows reduce the accumulated irreversible capacity of electrodes to uniquely low values.

Advantages: nonporous nanostructured 3Dsilicon has very high reversible and uniquely low accumulated irreversible specific capacities, lowcost and technological.

Field of application: environment, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles.

"Ceramic nanocomposites for hybrid bearings"

Description: obtained research samples of nanoceramics (friction coefficient is equal to 0.30.5 with 5070 nm of grain size) based on silicon nitride by designed energy efficient modes of sintering with controlled speed of compression. The material shows 2 times better results in tribotechnical tests compared with analogues that are used in hybrid bearings.

Advantages: energy efficiency of modes of nanoceramics’ production, high wear resistance at low coefficient of dry friction of nanoceramics. Ability to work at high temperatures (up to 900 C) in hostile environments.

Field of application: mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, processing industry, oil and gas industries.

"Technology interference with the use of high-resolution chalcogenide photoresist"

Description: Institute of Physics of Semiconductor of NASU developing interference nanolithography (including immersion) which are based on vacuum deposited chalcogenide photoresists. These photoresists are characterized by high resolution, wide spectral range of light sensitivity and the possibility of deposition onto substrates with complex shape. Chalcogenide photoresists may be deposited in one cycle with the functional layers in microelectronic manufacturing. Besides it these photoresists have a high refractive index (from 2.3 to 3.0 and even higher in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum), they are thermally and chemically stable. The combination of interference lithography with original vacuum photoresist allowed to develop effective technology of forming of periodic nanostructures with spatial frequencies up to 8000 mm1 (minimum size of elements less than 100 nm), including diffraction gratings, elements of inputoutput of radiation, polarizers , filters , sensory structures , electron emission structures and so on.

Advantages: in this technology we can used germanium chalcogenides more environmentally acceptable compounds than traditionally used arsenic chalcogenides. Price of gratings and others structures, developed by V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, will be 1.52 times lower than the price of leadingWestern firms analogues with the same characteristics.

Field of application: hologramgratings will be used as dispersing elements in different spectroscopic instruments intended for medical and biological research and analysis (especially in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in the early stages), spectral analysis in industry, environmental analyzes etc. Sensors which are based on grating IO will be used in industrial, medical and biological research, to solving of problems associated with environmental protection, for the analysis of food and beverages.

"Wear-resistant ceramic and composite materials which based on nano-zirconia for engineering and medicine"

Description: unique technology of obtaining of complex shaped ceramics and composite parts based on zirconia nanopowders provides high values of strength and fracture toughness, high wear resistance, chemical inertness, high refractory properties, corrosion resistance and lowtemperature degradation of such parts. Moreover, in medicine the ceramics based on zirconia has high biocompatibility, contributes to rapid formation of boneimplant contact, characterized by the absence of galvanic effects, allergic reactions and inflammation.

Advantages: stability of properties, increasing of the life time of parts by 50...20 times, natural aesthetic look of dental prostheses, value for money lower than foreign counterparts.

Field of application: mine and oilproducing industry, machine building industry, chemical industry, metallurgical industry, energetic industry, aircraft industry, light and food industry, orthopedics and dentistry.

"Anticorrosive nanoporous pigments for paints coatings based on natural zeolite"

Description: highefficiency anticorrosive pigments based on natural nanoporous zeolite modified by ion exchange, containing up to 5 wt.% zinc cations, calcium and other elements, with the particle size of 510 microns, that are used to improve the corrosion properties of primer coatings used to protect steel and aluminum alloys against atmospheric corrosion. The pigments have optimum rheological properties and are easily combined with paint binders.

Advantages: well dispersed, environmentally friendly, with high protective properties. Can form a synergistic composition with zinc phosphate pigments. High ionexchange capacity and effective interaction with polymer binding due to the presence of 50 vol% of nanopores in pigment. The protective effect of pigments exhibits after underfilm corrosion has begun. Procurable and cheap raw materials.

Field of application: modification of alkyd, epoxy, polyurethane primer coatings used for corrosion protection of vehicles, construction metal structures and equipment of various industries in atmospheric conditions.

"Laboratory-scale plant for microstructural studies"

Description: laboratory vacuum scale plant for microstructural investigations designed for controlling and studying of fast processes in powders materials or solid samples under strain (tension, compression) and heating by passing through a current of industrial frequency. Direct control of phasestructural state of the material is performed by using wellestablished techniques of Xray analysis. Directly in the process of deformation and heating performed Xray photography up to hundred radiographs per second. This allows us to investigate changes of phase and structural transformations directly in the flow of processes in a highspeed heating, cooling or deformation. Installation also has possibility to use thermal and dilatometer analyzes and simultaneously explore a wide range of physical characteristics of metals and alloys.

Advantages: open possibilities of controlling and operation of phasestructural state in materials which includes micronanocrystalline structures.

Field of application: control of processes modes directly at the manufacture of products, even under extreme conditions of processing (speed of heating, cooling, deformation).

"Photopolymerization nanocomposite material for information technology printing industry and instrumentation"

Description: silicon nanostructured modifiers containing photopolymerization nanocomposite material, other nanoscale particles that allow obtaining photopolymer nanomaterials with controlled properties in accordance with appropriation of a material with improved photochemical, adhesive, heatconducting and durability characteristics. Content is already accumulated for photopolymer material with nanostructured entities as the basis for nanocomposites creation, in which various types of photoprocesses are implemented for improving the quality and efficiency of the process in a single production cycle.

Advantages: replacement of expensive materials, improving of their quality, expanding of the range of applications targeted control properties, reduced cost and energy consumption, improving processes of decoration and protection of printing materials, packaging, ensuring high efficiency and reliability of work of optoelectronic devices.

Field of application:printing industry for decoration and protection of printed products and packaging, electronics in the manufacture of optoelectronic devices, for the construction and protection of circuits, light industry as labeling images and stamps for stamping on plastic perfume caps and plastic packaging of creams etc. cable industry for marking cables, cords and other items of communications.

"The hybrid electrode materials for lithium batteries"

Description: organicinorganic nanocomposites based on conducting polymers and vanadium oxide with hostguest structure, where organic macromolecules are predominantly located inside the nanoparticles of the inorganic component, were created. For their preparation, a special mechanochemical method was developed, which is more environmentally friendly in comparison with traditional solgel methods and is characterized by high reproducibility of the functional electrochemical properties of the stated nanocomposites.

Advantages: hybrid nanocomposites are characterized by high specific capacity during at least one hundred cycles of full chargedischarge within potential range of 2.0–4.0 V versus Li/Li⁺. The developed nanocomposites substantially exceeds the cathode materials based on commercially used transition metal oxides (oxides of cobalt, manganese, nickel), for which the initial capacity is usually equal to ~170 mA·h/g.

Field of application: lithium batteries.

"Zirconia nanopowders and technology of their production"

Description: unique technology of synthesis of oxide nanoparticles was developed, which in their technological cycle has methods of physical and chemical modifications. That allows taskoriented controlling the phase composition, surface state, size, morphology and aggregation of oxide nanoparticles. In single technological cycle the technology allows producing oxide nanoparticles, including complex composition, which modified for specific functional tasks.

Advantages: the technology is simple, energy efficient compared with other known techniques of obtaining oxide materials and allows obtaining oxide nanomaterials with a wide range of structural and functional properties with minimal changes in the technological cycle. The use of such technology for nanopowder obtaining allows flexibility responding to market demand.

Field of application: catalyst and catalyst support, sorbents and pigments, sensors and ionistors, protective coatings, SOFC components, optical materials, diagnostic markers and drug carriers, toughening additives for polymer, metal and ceramic based composites, powders for ceramics production.

"Synthetic diamonds with controlled properties for nanotechnological applications"

Description: the technologies for obtaining and characterization of singlecrystal diamonds with controlled properties for nanotechnological application have developed. Diamonds of types ²b, I²à, IIb are synthesized by the temperature gradient method at high pressure high temperature conditions (HPHT). Controlled parameters of synthesis allow to obtain large (~ 5 mm) single crystals diamond with a given composition and concentration of impurities. According to the purpose diamonds may have p or n type conductivity. The low impurity diamonds with concentration of nitrogen atoms below 1015 cm³ is possible to obtain too. A processing technology, applying contacts and new methods for determining the physical and working properties of single crystal diamond for use in various industrial processes with nanometer and angstrem resolution have developed.

Advantages: as is known, diamond is a unique material with a wide range of physical, mechanical, optical and other properties. The using of natural diamonds for industrial nanotechnology problematically because their properties differ significantly. The developed technologies for diamond synthesis, methods of processing and determination of properties allow to obtain a diamond product with identical properties, suitable for use in industrial nanotechnology.

Field of application: a tip of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) for a surface characterization at ambient and vacuum conditions, and also to industrial nanoelectronics technologies and ultrahigh density data storage using SPM method; diamondbase components for quantum computers; diamond particle detectors including ATLAS at Large Hadron Collider.

"Synthesis of metal nanoparticles and quantum dots nanoparticles with the help of biological systems"

Description: ecologically "friendly" technologies for production of gold and silver nanoparticles as well as CdS and ZnS quantum dots are developed. The synthesized nanoparticles meet the criteria that applicable to respective type nanomaterials. Metallic nanoparticles (gold and silver) and quantum dots (CdS, ZnS) were obtained using different biological systems: phytoextracts from cell cultures or plant tissues, bacterial or fungal.cultural liquids. They can be used for any field of application as highly competitive nanomaterials in comparison with nanoparicles obtained with chemical or physical methods. We consider their specialized applications for biological research, particularly in microscopy to enhance the signals of fluorescent dyes, or for fluorescent dyes which used for visualization subcellular structures and for practical applications in biomedicine.

Advantages: ecosafety of developed technology for synthesis of nanoparticles and nanodots as distinct from obtained with the help of chemical synthesis using toxic substances. High homogeneity and physical stability of produced nanoparticles (quantum dots especially).

Field of application: biology, microscopy.

"Modified titanium alloys"

Description: technology allows production of titanium alloys for medical and aviation application with improved mechanical properties and performance characteristics through complex plastic deformation on the base of screw extrusion method.

Advantages:

• higher static strength and ductility;
• increased cyclic durability;
• high uniformity of structure;
• improved adaptability.

Field of application: medicine and aviation industries.

"Creation of production of amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys and tape wound cores made of them on the basis of technology of rapid quenching of metal melt"

"Calixarenes and nanobodies in thrombosis diagnostics and therapy"

Description: calixarenes C-192 and C-145 are inhibitors of blood coagulation due to inhibition of fibrin polymerization and the formation of thrombus fibrin network. They can be use for treatment each of coagulation abnormalities, that accompanied by abnormal activation of blood coagulation system and which lead to blood clots formation in blood vessels: myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular strokes, ischemic heart disease, venous thromboembolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation, ischemic stroke, cancer, diabetes, and also for postoperative prophylaxis.

Advantages:

• highly specific in action;
• highly àntithrombotic activity;
• effective in small doses;
• cheap in manufacturing;
• medium toxicity.

Field of application: medicine (as antithrombotic drugs).

"Antitumor low-toxicity targented delivery palladium (II) phosphonates"

Description: new diphosphonic acid is already received and complex compounds of palladium with them. By the results of physicochemical research are determined the composition, structure and stability of new complex compounds in the solid state and in solution. Dominant forms of complexes which formed in solution with close to physiological conditions (concentration of chloride ions and pH) are established.

Advantages: the expected advantages of new bisphosphonates of palladium as anticancer agents are a combination of composition in one compound of a cytotoxic metal with a number of derivatives of phosphonic acids, which can perform role of a transport agent. Moreover, use of palladium (II) compounds in comparison with platinum analogues are more costeffective (palladium almost twice cheaper than platinum).

Field of application: pharmaceutical industry.

"Broadspectrum silicabased antimicrobial and antitumor substances with silver, gold, copper nanoparticles"

Description: synthesis and stabilization of Ag, Au, Cu nanoparticles (NP) in colloids and on the surface of porous oxide films and powders with desired optical, structural, antibacterial and anticancer properties.

Advantages: controlled photogeneration and stabilization of metal nanoparticles of certain size on the surface of dispersed silica with high bactericidal activity against a wide range of microorganisms and fungi, antitumor activity, chemical stability, nontoxicity at extremely low metal content.

Field of application: medicine, biology, food industry (packaging material, packaging).

"Constructional details for reconstructive operations at oral surgery on basis of nanostructured epoxy-polyurethane composition material with prolonged medicinal action"

Description: technology of receipt of new bone implants "Constructional details for osteosynthesis" TU U 33.10547041022: 2013 was created. Constructional details get on the base of nanostructured epoxypolyurethane composite that contains inorganic filler silica gel and antiphthisic preparation of wide spectrum of action. Biomedical, technical and clinical tests are conducted. Constructional details passed registration in State administration of Ukraine on medicinal products and settled for the use in Ukraine.

Advantages: low energy intensity and labourintensiveness, inexpensive entrance materials, improved operating descriptions (durability is on a break, relative lengthening), prolonged therapeutic activity.

Field of application: maxillufacial surgery, orthopaedy, traumatology, surgery.

"Development and application of bioactive ceramics"

Description: development of production technology and fuctionalization for different kinds of bioactive ceramics and composites such as SYNTHETBONE bioactive ceramics composites. Possibility of modification of SYNTHETBONE materials properties by doping with proper combination of micronutrients(up to several %) and structure regulation to ensure the best best service parameters. The main results of application of the such kind of materials for bone tissue remodelling.

Advantages: lmprovement of results of surgery operations with bone tissue.

Field of application: surgery of all kinds of bone tissue:

• Filling of large bone defects after trauma and tumors in orthopedics dentistry, maxillofacial surgery, cranioplasty, otolaryngology.
• The use of implants made by the individual models for treatment of injuries in cranioplasty, maxillofacial surgery.
• Filling bone holes after teeth extraction to preserve alveolar bone.
• Saving teeth with weakened or broken connection to the jaw.
• Deep teeth fillings with exit further apical opening.
• Different kinds of thin and thick bioactive coatings on titanium and ceramic implants, including screws, meshes, volume implants.

"Capability and use of calcium phosphate ceramics in medicine"

Description: calcium phosphatebased composite ceramics as the best osteoconductive and osteoinductive materials designed for bone replacement and storage of calcium phosphate ions used for mineralization as well as magnetic ironbased composite powder materials for drug delivery are aimed in using as novel bio compatible medical materials. The scientific team has good experimental results for using calcium phosphatebased ceramics in plastics of bone defects in ñranial oral surgery, stomatology as well as under parodontics and periodontics. In addition, we have been studying prolongation of the action of different antibiotics (drugs, silver and nanostructured copper) adsorbed on the calcium phosphatebased and magnetic ironbased composite materials.

Advantages: stomatological operations, where the proposed calcium phosphatebased composite ceramics can be used for profile plastics and replacement of operation and trauma defects after fracture of lower jaw parts as well as for filling of pathologic root channels, defects formed owing to the extraction of periapical focuses of odontogenic infection (granulomas, cysts) with simultaneous remaining causative teeth and filling of alveolar sockets after extraction of retentional and dystrophic teeth and also radical operations on parodentium and recovery of atrophied alveolar appendices are innovative aspects of materials proposed. The main advantages of proposed biomaterials are controlled properties such as porosity, strength, solubility, biological interaction with living organism and osteoinductive properties via nanostructuring and introducing osteotrophic elements. as well as the possibility of formation of complexshaped articles, production of reliable coatings with developed surface on titanium implants, creation of compositions of new generation with optimal biomechanical and biological properties. Ironbased composite materials with antibiotic additions will provide directed delivery and prolonged action of drugs.

Field of application: biomedicine.

"Nanolayered oil sorbent"

Description: thermoexfoliated graphite is a highly effective sorbent of oil products because of its affinity with carbon, nanolayered structure and very developed surface. This material is produced by the manystage thermochemically treatment of natural graphite. Within the framework of project implementation the technologies of liquidation of emergency overflows of oil and oil products on water and soil surface were worked out and tested in gas institute NASU.

Advantages: high level of cleaning of water and soil surface, possibility of extraction of sorbed liquid for its using for the intended purpose, possibility of sorbent using many times thanks to opportunity of its thermochemical regeneration.

Field of application: ecologically dangerous objects of the environment and national economy.

"Structured catalysts of new generation for productive processes and environmental catalysis"

Description: the developed catalysts are nickelalumina modified with oxides of rare earth and alkali elements on ceramic honeycomb block supports. Specifications: cell size 2.0x2.0 mm, wall thickness of block – 0.4 mm. Designed for the processes of steam, steamoxygen (air), carbon dioxide conversion of methane in the production of ammonia, methanol, FischerTropsch synthesis (production of higher hydrocarbons and components of motor fuel)? for an integrated process of methane trireforming (oxygencarbon dioxidesteam conversion) with the possible involvement of the exhaust (greenhouse) gases of thermal power stations. The catalysts are highly active and resistant to the formation of carbon and oxidation in oxygencontaining reaction medium.

Advantages: the activity (in the laboratory tests) of developed structured catalysts in steam and steamoxygen conversion of methane is not inferior to granular catalysts of leading manufacturers R67R7H (HaldorTopsoe, Denmark), GIAP18 (Russia), and catalysts productivity significantly surpass industrial analogues (by 12 orders). The use of catalysts with honeycomb structure instead of conventional granular will significantly reduce consumption of nickel in the catalysts manufacture without loss of their productivity, decrease the gasdynamic resistance of the catalyst bed, and reduce the size of industrial reactors.

Field of application: technological schemes of oxidative conversion of methane to produce hydrogen and synthesis gas (СО+Н₂).

"Hybrid organic-inorganic sorption materials"

Description: direction, which is now actively developing is to creation of composite, each component which is characterized by ionexchanging and ionconducting properties. As the polymer component using ion exchange membranes, resins, and for inorganic oxide and phosphate compounds of multivalent metals, silica, etc. The combination of different by nature materials ensures availability in composites some complex of certain functional properties: high exchange capacity, significant flowing conductivity at temperatures up to 423 K, the selectivity to heavy metal ions, etc. Organic inorganic composites are used in fuel cells, membrane and ion exchange processes of separation, catalytic processes. Moreover, these inorganic materials are used for the modification of nonconducting polymers: polyvinyl alcohol, caoutchouc, rubber and so on. It is also possible to achieve increased flexibility, strength and thermal stability of the polymeric material..

Advantages: physicochemical and exploitation properties are increased in comparison with existing commercial analogues.

Field of application: analytical chemistry, a highquality drinking water, extraction and separation of ionic components, purification of water and nonaqueous solutions from particles of heavy metals, isotopes and undesirable impurities.

"Granular complex bacterial preparation for plants"

Description: based on interaction of selected by high active strains of nitrogenfixing bacteria Azotobacter vinelandii and bacteria Bacillus subtilis with nanoparticles of natural mineral was created complex granular complex bacterial drug that improves nitrogen, phosphorus nutrition of plants stimulates their growth and development through bacterial synthesis of phytohormones, protects plants from pathogens and herbivores. This drug enhances growth and development of cereals (barley and wheat) up to 14-18 %. For optimization of the process bacterization of seed crops and other plants we develop highly effective, environmentally friendly and easy to use sticker which based on nanoparticles bentonite of for bacterization seed grain which patented in Ukraine. In previous years we also developed a comprehensive granular bacterial drug which based on the interaction of these bacteria strains of bentonite nanoparticles, which greatly improves the growth and development of conifers, ornamental, flowering plants and increases yield of technical and vegetables plants up to 18-37%.

Advantages: the drug is technological, stable at during storage, easy to use, greatly improves plant growth and development and significantly increases their productivity.

Field of application: crop research.

"Microfocus x-ray source with a secondary target"

Description: x-ray spectrum after the secondary target consists of characteristic lines of the secondary target, coherently and uncoherently scattered radiation and brake lines characteristic anode . However, the characteristic Xrays of the secondary target is the main part of the spectrum not only because of the dominant probability of ionization of characteristic lines by characteristic photons of the primary target, but also due to fluorescent process is characterized with interaction process of photones of continuous spectrum, energy of which is greater than the energy of the absorption edge of the secondary target. This causes improved ratio of the peak of the characteristic radiation to the continuous background of the spectrum.

Advantages: the intensity of xrays after the secondary target is reduced to 1001000 times through a small section of ionization. Without the use of xray optics secondary Xray source must be collimated as well as the xray beam before sample, which gives a huge loss of intensity of Xrays. Therefore, the increase of intensity is a significant advantage, thus extending the scope.

Field of application: development refers to the xray spectrometry and is designed to increase the brightness of the Xray beam and allowing to carry out microanalysis, mapping and confocal analysis of roentgen spectrometers, which equipped with a secondary target, which can increase sensitivity of trace elements.

"Closing ceremony",